Until recently, many investors seemed to hold the view that cryptocurrency was somehow off the radar of tax authorities.
Simply because it is decentralized does not mean that it’s exempt from taxation, and there has been a growing wave of audits taking place in many countries, and those who have not declared their capital gains from cryptocurrency investment have sometimes paid a heavy price for that decision.
This article is intended as a general guide to what is currently known about cryptocurrency taxation in various countries.
It is certainly not a substitute for qualified advice from an accountant, so if you are dealing in cryptocurrency in any way at all, you should seek clarification from your accountant about any tax liabilities that may apply to you.
Cryptocurrency taxation procedures in the United States
If you are liable to US taxation, you’ll need IRS form 8949 and you’ll also need the 1099-B or 1099-K form that will be prepared for you by the broker or exchange that handled your transactions, plus form 1040 ES.
On that 8949 form, you will need to record every cryptocurrency transaction that you made during the financial year. You need to then attach Schedule D to indicate which gains and which losses are short term and which are long term.
After making your first declaration of cryptocurrency gains or losses, you will then be required to lodge the 1040 ES on a quarterly basis.
Cryptocurrency taxation in the United Kingdom
First, some good news. You don’t generally need to worry about VAT on your cryptocurrency exchanges, because VAT is only charged on exchanges of goods and services, not on purely financial transactions.
This also, of course, means that if you use cryptocurrency to buy or sell goods or services, VAT will be a component of those transactions.
There will be no difference between profits and losses that are made with cryptocurrency transactions in comparison with fiat currency transactions.
You will still be liable for paying any due taxes (capital gains, company tax, and income tax) and still able to claim deductions on your costs. You may also, if you qualify as a business, be able to deduct losses from your overall tax amount.
Cryptocurrency taxation in Canada
Canadian tax law is complex because there are different rules that apply to different types of entities.
When you, as an individual, make a capital gain from your investment in cryptocurrency, you have to declare it, and you pay tax on 50% of the gain. The amount of tax you pay depends on the total income that you receive from all sources.
If you’re a business, then you have to declare all your cryptocurrency transactions the same as ordinary transactions.
Cryptocurrency taxation in Australia
Australia has traditionally had a much more cautious attitude toward cryptocurrency than most other countries in what is regarded as the developed world. It is only very recently that the government has backed away from the prospect of banning cryptocurrency.
You are not subject to tax on capital gains on cryptocurrency transactions unless you are running a business. If you use cryptocurrency to buy something for your business, or if you sell good or services in exchange for cryptocurrency, you’ll have to declare the Australian dollar value of the transaction, along with all the other relevant details.
The ATO seems to have taken the stance that all transactions should be considered suspicious until proven otherwise, so you need to record all the details of every cryptocurrency transaction, including the identity of the other party to the transaction, even if you don’t know their identity.
You will be liable for GST on cryptocurrency transactions that take place within Australia. You are not generally liable for GST on export transactions. For certain types of international transactions you may be liable for other taxes such as Luxury Car Tax or Wine Equalization Tax.
Paying employees in cryptocurrency is not advisable, but if you do, then the ATO will regard it as a fringe benefit and hit you with FBT for it.
Other countries
At the time of writing, most other countries haven’t really figured out what to do about cryptocurrency, or the situation will be somewhat similar to the Canadian situation.
Some 13 countries, mainly in the Middle East and North Africa, have existing bans on all cryptocurrency trading, so taxation is not really your biggest worry in those countries.
Singapore has the simplest system of all. In Singapore, cryptocurrency transactions are to be treated for taxation purposes as if they were made in Singapore dollars, and you pay tax on the SGD value of the goods or services.
Neither businesses nor individuals need to be concerned with capital gains. Certain types of gains may still be subject to tax, so it is best to consult a specialist tax accountant with experience in cryptocurrency.
Hong Kong is expected to soon release information about their tax policies in relation to cryptocurrency. Mainland China notably banned all trading in cryptocurrencies, while also stating that China would continue to support blockchain development.
China’s aggressive attitude toward cryptocurrency trading has impacted cryptocurrency values negatively, and if it should happen that China reverses the policy, then it’s possible that cryptocurrency investors will get a short term windfall.
Japan has an open attitude to cryptocurrency transactions. Private individuals should declare any gains made from cryptocurrency as miscellaneous income, while businesses should declare capital gains and losses as what they are.
For most other countries, it’s a bit uncertain. The best thing to do, regardless of where you reside, is to consult an accountant in the country where you are required to pay taxes and find out for sure what taxes apply to you.